# 骨折（Fracture）

- 器官 / 系统：骨 / 骨骼肌肉系统（bone / musculoskeletal-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0580
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/bone-fracture.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#bone-fracture
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/musculoskeletal-system/bone/Fracture
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
骨折（Figure 1、Figure 2）的特征是皮质骨不连续和/或髓质骨小梁中断（微骨折）。

## 病变描述（中文）
骨折（Figure 1、Figure 2）的特征是皮质骨不连续和/或髓质骨小梁中断（微骨折）。根据病变的严重程度和慢性程度，骨折常伴有不同程度的出血、炎症和纤维化。在急性骨折中，大量出血是常见的，随着慢性化，炎症细胞数量增加并引发纤维组织反应，最终形成机化性纤维化、骨重塑并通过骨痂形成进行修复。骨折可能继发于严重的炎症性、肿瘤性或代谢性疾病。骨折也已被注意到继发于由某些化合物治疗引起的骨病。例如，过量的维生素A治疗导致大鼠骨形成减少和退行性骺板病变，从而导致纵向骨生长减少。偶尔，切片伪影可能表现为骨折，必须与真性骨折相鉴别。伪影性骨折，或假性骨折，将缺乏真性骨折中可能见到的出血、纤维蛋白沉积、纤维化和骨痂形成。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
原发性骨折存在时应予以诊断，但无需分级。当骨折继发于其他病症时，如肿瘤、炎症或代谢性疾病，则不应诊断，而应在病理学叙述中描述为原发病变成分及其严重程度的指征。微骨折无需诊断，但应在叙述中作为其伴随的原发病变成分加以讨论。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Bone fractures ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) are characterized by discontinuity of cortical bone and/or disruption of medullary trabeculae (microfracture). They are often associated with variable hemorrhage, inflammation, and fibrosis, depending on the severity and chronicity of the lesion. In acute fractures large amounts of hemorrhage are common, and with chronicity increased numbers of inflammatory cells and fibrous tissue response are elicited, with eventual organized fibrosis, bony remodeling, and repair through callus formation. Fractures may be secondary to severe inflammatory, neoplastic, or metabolic disease. Fractures have been also noted secondary to bone disease due to treatment with some compounds. For example, excessive vitamin A treatment leads to decreased bone formation and degenerative physeal lesions in rats, which result in decreased longitudinal bone growth. Occasionally, sectioning artifacts can appear as fractures and must be differentiated from true fractures. Artifactual fractures, or pseudofractures, will lack the hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, fibrosis, and callus formation that might be seen with a true fracture.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Primary fractures should be diagnosed when present but need not be graded. When a fracture is secondary to another condition, such as neoplasia, inflammation, or metabolic disease, it should not be diagnosed but should be described in the pathology narrative as a component and indication of the severity of the primary lesion. Microfractures need not be diagnosed but should be discussed in the narrative as a component of the primary lesion with which they occur.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0513.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0515.jpg

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