# 色素（Pigment）

- 器官 / 系统：脑 / 神经系统（brain / nervous-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0394
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/brain-pigment.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#brain-pigment
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/nervous-system/brain/Pigment
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
多种形式的色素，如金黄色蜡样脂褐素（ceroid/lipofuscin）和深棕色含铁血黄素（hemosiderin），可沉积于脑内，有时是衰老过程或代谢异常的一部分。

## 病变描述（中文）
多种形式的色素，如金黄色蜡样脂褐素（ceroid/lipofuscin）和深棕色含铁血黄素（hemosiderin），可沉积于脑内，有时是衰老过程或代谢异常的一部分。蜡样脂褐素在365 nm波长下自发荧光，过碘酸雪夫染色（PAS）可突出显示这些沉积物。含铁血黄素的正常铁含量可通过Perls普鲁士蓝染色检测为蓝色至紫色颗粒。含铁血黄素负载巨噬细胞的存在提示既往神经损伤伴相关出血，导致巨噬细胞对外渗红细胞及其血红蛋白内容物进行吞噬降解。Figure 1（箭头）显示胼胝体内存在多个棕色色素性含铁血黄素负载巨噬细胞，提示既往出血。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
在NTP研究中，应记录色素的存在（诊断中无需指明色素类型）、其严重程度分级及解剖亚部位位置。即使使用一系列特殊染色，在组织学切片中确定色素鉴定通常也很困难。因此，推荐诊断为色素（而非诊断色素类型，例如含铁血黄素或脂褐素）最为恰当。病理学描述应描述色素沉着的形态学特征。并非所有色素都必须诊断，因为有些色素在衰老动物中普遍存在或与其他疾病过程相关，且无毒理学意义。病理学家应运用其判断来决定色素继发性沉积是否足够显著以值得单独诊断。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Various forms of pigment, such as yellow-golden ceroid/lipofuscin and dark brown hemosiderin, are deposited in the brain sometimes as part of the aging process or metabolic abnormalities. Ceroid/lipofuscin autofluoresces at 365 nm wavelength, and periodic acid Schiff stain highlights the deposits. The normal iron content of hemosiderin can be detected as blue to purple particles using Perls Prussian blue stain. The presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages indicates prior neural injury with associated hemorrhage resulting in macrophage phagocytic degradation of extravasated red blood cells and their hemoglobin content. Figure 1 (arrow) shows multiple brown-pigmented hemosiderin-laden macrophages present in the corpus callosum suggesting previous hemorrhage.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
The presence of pigments (type of pigment need not be specified in the diagnosis), their severity grading, and anatomic subsite location should be documented in NTP studies. Definitive pigment identification is often difficult in histological sections, even with a battery of special stains. Therefore, it is recommended that a diagnosis of pigment (as opposed to diagnosing the type of pigment, e.g., hemosiderin or lipofuscin) is most appropriate. The pathology narrative should describe the morphological features of the pigmentation. Not all pigments have to be diagnosed, as some are ubiquitous in aging animals or related to some other disease process and are not toxicologically meaningful. The pathologist should use his or her judgment in deciding whether or not secondary deposits of pigment are prominent enough to warrant a separate diagnosis.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0589.jpg

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