# 增生（Hyperplasia）

- 器官 / 系统：食管 / 消化系统（esophagus / alimentary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0302
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/esophagus-hyperplasia.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#esophagus-hyperplasia
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/alimentary-system/esophagus/Hyperplasia
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
黏膜上皮增生（hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium）的特征是上皮细胞数量增多且无异型性。

## 病变描述（中文）
黏膜上皮增生（hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium）的特征是上皮细胞数量增多且无异型性。上皮细胞可为一种或多种上皮细胞类型（基底细胞、棘细胞或颗粒细胞）。严重病例中，网嵴样结构可延伸至黏膜下层（Figure 1、Figure 2）。当黏膜增生存在时，常可见角化过度（hyperkeratosis，角质层增厚）。据报道，大鼠长期高剂量给予酒精等溶媒后，食管可出现鳞状黏膜增生伴角化过度。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
上皮增生应予以诊断，并根据食管受累区域的大小及增生食管上皮的厚度进行分级。与增生相关的角化过度通常不作为一个独立病变诊断，但可在描述中提及。当角化过度存在而无增生时，或角化过度极为严重时，应将其与增生分开诊断并分级（见食管-角化过度（Esophagus - Hyperkeratosis）的描述）。相关链接：食管-角化过度

## 英文原文 · Comment
Hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium is characterized by an increased number of epithelial cells and the absence of atypia. The epithelial cells may be of one or more epithelial cell types (basal, spinous, or granulosum). In severe cases, rete peg-like structures may extend into the submucosa ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). Hyperkeratosis (increased thickness of the stratum corneum) is often seen when hyperplasia of the mucosa is present. Hyperplasia of the squamous mucosa with hyperkeratosis has been reported in the esophagus of the rat following chronic high-dose administration of vehicles such as alcohol.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Epithelial hyperplasia should be diagnosed and graded based on the size of the area of esophagus affected and the thickness of the hyperplastic esophageal epithelium. Hyperkeratosis associated with hyperplasia is usually not diagnosed as a separate entity, although it may be mentioned in the narrative. When hyperkeratosis is present in the absence of hyperplasia or when the hyperkeratosis is extreme, it should be diagnosed and graded separately from the hyperplasia (see description of Esophagus - Hyperkeratosis ). Related Links: Esophagus - Hyperkeratosis

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0012.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0020.jpg

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