# 结石（Calculus）

- 器官 / 系统：肾脏 / 泌尿系统（kidney / urinary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0162
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/kidney-calculus.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#kidney-calculus
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/urinary-system/kidney/Calculus
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
结石（calculi）的自发病例在啮齿类动物的肾盂中偶见。结石也可能与外源性物质（xenobiotic）给药相关，甚至可能含有所给予的化学物质或化合物。

## 病变描述（中文）
结石（calculi）的自发病例在啮齿类动物的肾盂中偶见。结石也可能与外源性物质（xenobiotic）给药相关，甚至可能含有所给予的化学物质或化合物。结石倾向于为大小不等的嗜碱性凝结物（basophilic concretions），可引起炎症、阻塞或尿路上皮增生（urothelial hyperplasia）（Figure 1、Figure 2）。结石可与矿化（mineralization）相鉴别，因为结石一般游离于泌尿腔隙内，而矿化发生于组织中。小结石常见于肾穹窿（renal fornices），在那里它们通常不引起任何继发性改变（Figure 3）。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
结石应当被诊断并给予严重程度分级。病理学家应运用其判断力来决定：肾盂或肾盂穹窿中无其他继发性改变的小结石是否足够显著而值得作出诊断，或者结石所致的继发性改变（如炎症或上皮增生）是否足够显著而值得单独作出诊断。相关链接：肾脏 - 结晶（Kidney - Crystals） 肾脏 - 矿化（Kidney - Mineralization） 肾脏 - 尿路上皮 - 增生（Kidney - Urothelium - Hyperplasia）

## 英文原文 · Comment
Spontaneous cases of calculi are sporadically seen in the renal pelvis of rodents. Calculi may also be associated with xenobiotic administration and may even contain the administered chemical or compound. Calculi tend to be basophilic concretions of variable size, which may result in inflammation, obstruction, or urothelial hyperplasia ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). Calculi can be differentiated from mineralization in that calculi are generally free within the urinary space whereas mineralization occurs in tissue. Small calculi are often observed in the renal fornices, where they often do not result in any secondary changes ( Figure 3 ).

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Calculi should be diagnosed and given a severity grade. The pathologist shoulduse his or her judgment in deciding if small calculi in the renal pelvis or pelvic fornices without other secondary changes are prominent enough to warrant a diagnosis, or if changes secondary to the calculi, such as inflammation or epithelial hyperplasia, are prominent enough to warrant a separate diagnosis. Related Links: Kidney - Crystals Kidney - Mineralization Kidney - Urothelium - Hyperplasia

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_1061.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_1059.jpg

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