# 肾小球肾炎（Glomerulonephritis）

- 器官 / 系统：肾脏 / 泌尿系统（kidney / urinary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0167
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/kidney-glomerulonephritis.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#kidney-glomerulonephritis
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/urinary-system/kidney/Glomerulonephritis
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
肾小球肾炎（glomerulonephritis，GN）由急性至慢性肾小球损伤所致，导致肾小球表现为增大、细胞增多，并伴有系膜基质（mesangial matrix）增加（Figure 1、Figure 2、Figure 3）。

## 病变描述（中文）
肾小球肾炎（glomerulonephritis，GN）由急性至慢性肾小球损伤所致，导致肾小球表现为增大、细胞增多，并伴有系膜基质（mesangial matrix）增加（Figure 1、Figure 2、Figure 3）。原发性 GN 在常规啮齿类动物研究中不常见。GN 存在多种形态学亚型，这些亚型具有某些组织学特征，可能提示潜在的发病机制。这些形态学亚型通常分类为增生性（proliferative）、膜增生性（membranoproliferative）、系膜增生性（mesangioproliferative）或新月体性（crescentic）。增生性 GN 表现为细胞增多，但未进一步明确细胞增多或基底膜增厚。膜增生性 GN 的特征为基底膜增厚，可为均匀或不规则，可通过过碘酸-雪夫（periodic acid-Schiff）染色或银染（silver stains）显示。系膜增生性 GN 的特征为系膜细胞数量增加。在新月体性 GN 中，脏层或壁层细胞的节段性区域相互形成粘连，并使鲍曼氏囊（Bowman’s space）缩小。此外，还可应用“弥漫性（diffuse）”和“segmental”等修饰词进一步描述肾小球内的病变特征。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
肾小球肾炎应当作出诊断并给出严重程度分级。肾小球肾炎的类型和范围应在病理学描述中指明。相关链接：肾脏 - 淀粉样变（Kidney - Amyloid）；肾脏 - 肾小球硬化（Kidney - Glomerulosclerosis）；肾脏 - 玻璃样肾小球病（Kidney - Hyaline Glomerulopathy）；肾脏 - 肾病，慢性进展性（Kidney - Nephropathy, 慢性（chronic） Progressive）

## 英文原文 · Comment
Glomerulonephritis (GN) results from acute to chronic glomerular injury resulting in glomeruli that appear enlarged and hypercellular with an increase in mesangial matrix ( Figure 1 , Figure 2 , and Figure 3 ). Primary GN is not commonly observed in routine rodent studies. There are morphologic subtypes of GN, which have certain histologic features that may indicate an underlying pathogenesis. These morphologic subtypes are often classified as proliferative, membranoproliferative, mesangioproliferative, or crescentic. Proliferative GN appears hypercellular without further identification of increased cells or basement membrane thickening. Membranoproliferative GN is characterized by basement membrane thickening, either uniform or irregular, which can be demonstrated by periodic acid-Schiff or silver stains. Mesangioproliferative GN is characterized by an increase in the number of mesangial cells. In crescentic GN, segmental areas of visceral or parietal cells form adhesions to one another and reduce Bowman’s space. In addition, modifiers such as "diffuse" and "segmental" can also be applied to further characterize the change within glomeruli.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Glomerulonephritis should be diagnosed and given a severity grade. The type and extent of glomerulonephritis should be indicated in the pathology narrative. Related Links: Kidney - Amyloid Kidney - Glomerulosclerosis Kidney - Hyaline Glomerulopathy Kidney - Nephropathy, Chronic Progressive

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_1069.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_1066.jpg

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