# 淋巴细胞凋亡（Apoptosis Lymphocyte）

- 器官 / 系统：淋巴结 / 免疫系统（lymph-node / immune-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0005
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/lymph-node-apoptosis-lymphocyte.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#lymph-node-apoptosis-lymphocyte
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/immune-system/lymph-node/ApoptosisLymphocyte
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
淋巴细胞凋亡（lymphocyte apoptosis）的特征是细胞皱缩、核固缩，以及淋巴细胞碎裂成膜结合的（凋亡）小体，随后被巨噬细胞（可染体巨噬细胞）吞噬（Figure 1、Figure 2，箭头）。

## 病变描述（中文）
淋巴细胞凋亡（lymphocyte apoptosis）的特征是细胞皱缩、核固缩，以及淋巴细胞碎裂成膜结合的（凋亡）小体，随后被巨噬细胞（可染体巨噬细胞）吞噬（Figure 1、Figure 2，箭头）。这种类型的细胞死亡通常发生于次级滤泡生发中心内的B细胞，在那里它是一种重要的稳态机制。Figure 1、Figure 2展示了副皮质区T细胞中的该病变。淋巴细胞凋亡在淋巴结中可以是正常的，在免疫缺陷小鼠的淋巴结中可增多，或由各种损伤性刺激诱导。某些损伤性刺激在低剂量时诱导淋巴细胞凋亡，而在较高剂量时该刺激导致坏死。此类刺激的例子包括热、辐射、缺氧和细胞毒性抗癌药物（如环磷酰胺）。地塞米松也可引发淋巴细胞凋亡；然而，胸腺和脾对该效应的敏感性高于淋巴结。如果足够严重，淋巴细胞凋亡可导致淋巴结萎缩。历史上，淋巴细胞凋亡曾被称为“淋巴细胞坏死”，但该病变的正确术语是“淋巴细胞凋亡”。淋巴细胞的单细胞坏死此前尚未在淋巴结中被描述。淋巴细胞凋亡必须与坏死相鉴别，尽管两者可同时发生。坏死通常成组细胞发生，其特征是细胞肿胀、核浓缩、碎裂和溶解、细胞溶解，以及嗜酸性胞质和核碎裂碎屑的积聚。炎症通常伴随坏死，因为细胞溶解将细胞内容物（包括促炎介质）释放到间质间隙中。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
淋巴结中的淋巴细胞凋亡可以是正常的。如果与同期对照相比增多，则应诊断淋巴细胞凋亡并赋予严重程度分级。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Lymphocyte apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear pyknosis, and fragmentation of lymphocytes into membrane-bound (apoptotic) bodies that are subsequently phagocytized by macrophages (tingible-body macrophages) ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 , arrowheads). This type of cell death normally occurs in B cells within the germinal centers of secondary follicles, where it is an important homeostatic mechanism. Figure 1 and Figure 2 demonstrate the lesion in T cells in the paracortex. Lymphocyte apoptosis may be normal in lymph nodes, increased in nodes of immunodeficient mice, or induced by various injurious stimuli. Some injurious stimuli induce lymphocyte apoptosis at low doses, whereas at higher doses the stimulus leads to necrosis. Examples of such stimuli include heat, irradiation, hypoxia, and cytotoxic cancer drugs (e.g., cyclophosphamide). Dexamethasone can also incite lymphocyte apoptosis; however, the thymus and spleen are more sensitive to this effect than is the lymph node. If severe enough, lymphocyte apoptosis may lead to lymph node atrophy. Historically, lymphocytes apoptosis has been called "lymphocyte necrosis," but the correct terminology for this lesion is "lymphocyte apoptosis." Single-cell necrosis of lymphocytes has not previously been described in the lymph node. Lymphocyte apoptosis must be differentiated from necrosis, although both can occur together. Necrosis generally occurs in groups of cells and is characterized by cell swelling, condensation, fragmentation and dissolution of the nucleus, cell lysis, and accumulation of eosinophilic cytoplasmic and karyorrhectic nuclear debris. Inflammation generally accompanies necrosis because cell lysis releases cellular contents, including proinflammatory mediators, into the interstitial space.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Lymphocyte apoptosis in the lymph node can be normal. If increased compared with concurrent controls, lymphocyte apoptosis should be diagnosed and assigned a severity grade.

## 配图
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