# 色素（Pigment）

- 器官 / 系统：淋巴结 / 免疫系统（lymph-node / immune-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0012
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/lymph-node-pigment.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#lymph-node-pigment
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/immune-system/lymph-node/Pigment
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
色素（pigment）是对照组和给药组啮齿动物淋巴结中的常见发现，尤其是在肠系膜淋巴结和下颌淋巴结。

## 病变描述（中文）
色素（pigment）是对照组和给药组啮齿动物淋巴结中的常见发现，尤其是在肠系膜淋巴结和下颌淋巴结。通常，色素见于髓窦和髓索的巨噬细胞内，并可能因受试物作用而增多。当明确与受试物相关时，外源性色素一般在受试物给药途径区域引流淋巴结中最为显著。含铁血黄素（hemosiderin）（Figure 1，箭头）和蜡样质/脂褐素（ceroid/lipofuscin）（Figure 2，箭头）是最常见的色素。含铁血黄素是一种含铁的金棕色颗粒状物质，含该色素的巨噬细胞通常与窦内红细胞增多、充血或出血同时可见。脂褐素也是一种黄棕色、细颗粒状色素；但其主要来源于脂质（如细胞膜）的分解产物。蜡样质是脂褐素的一种变体，具有抗酸性（acid-fast）和自发荧光（autofluorescent）特性。仅使用常规苏木精-伊红（hematoxylin and eosin，H&E）染色无法100%确定地区分这些色素。含铁血黄素可用铁染色如Perl’s铁染色和普鲁士蓝（Prussian blue）染色识别，两者均将色素染成蓝色。蜡样质/脂褐素可用Sudan black B、Schmorl反应、Oil Red O、石炭酸脂褐素染色（carbol lipofuscin stain）、过碘酸-雪夫（periodic acid-Schiff，PAS）染色、Ziehl-Neelsen抗酸染色、自发荧光或溶酶体酸性磷酸酶和酯酶染色识别。黑色素（melanin）是另一种可在淋巴结内发现的内源性色素。在黑毛小鼠中这是正常发现。Schmorl法和多巴氧化酶（dopa-oxidase）组织化学染色可用于识别黑色素。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
淋巴结中的色素应当进行诊断并给出严重程度分级。然而，并非所有色素都必须诊断，因为有些色素在衰老动物中普遍存在，或与某些其他疾病过程相关，而不具有毒理学意义。病理学家应运用其判断来决定色素沉积是否具有毒理学意义，或是否显著到足以 warrant 单独诊断。即使使用一系列特殊染色，在组织学切片中确定性识别色素通常也很困难。因此，推荐使用“色素”这一诊断（而非诊断色素类型，例如含铁血黄素或脂褐素）最为恰当。病理学描述（pathology narrative）应描述色素沉着的形态学特征。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Pigment is a common finding in lymph nodes of control and treated rodents, particularly in the mesenteric and mandibular lymph nodes. Typically, pigment is seen within macrophages of the medullary sinuses and cords and may become increased as an effect of treatment. When specifically related to treatment, exogenous pigment is generally most prominent in lymph nodes regional to the route of test article administration. Hemosiderin ( Figure 1 , arrows) and ceroid/lipofuscin ( Figure 2 , arrows) are the most frequently encountered pigments. Hemosiderin is an iron-containing golden-brown granular material, and macrophages containing this pigment are typically observed with sinus erythrocytosis, congestion, or hemorrhage. Lipofuscin is also a yellow-brown, finely granular pigment; however, it is derived mainly from the breakdown products of lipids, such as cell membranes. Ceroid is a variant of lipofuscin that is acid-fast and autofluorescent. Differentiation of these pigments with 100% certainty using only conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is not possible. Hemosiderin can be identified with iron stains such as Perl’s iron and Prussian blue, both of which stain the pigment blue. Ceroid/lipofuscin may be identified with Sudan black B, Schmorl''s reaction, Oil Red O, carbol lipofuscin stain, periodic acid-Schiff, Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain, autofluorescence, or lysosomal acid phosphatase and esterase stains. Melanin is another endogenous pigment that can be found within lymph nodes. This is a normal finding in black mice. Schmorl''s method and dopa-oxidase histochemical stains can be used to identify melanin pigment.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Pigment in lymph nodes should be diagnosed and given a severity grade. However, not all pigments have to be diagnosed, as some are ubiquitous in aging animals or related to some other disease process and not toxicologically meaningful. The pathologist should use his or her judgment in deciding whether deposits of pigment are toxicologically significant or prominent enough to warrant a separate diagnosis. Definitive pigment identification is often difficult in histologic sections, even with a battery of special stains. Therefore, it is recommended that a diagnosis of "pigment" (as opposed to diagnosing the type of pigment, e.g., hemosiderin or lipofuscin) is most appropriate. The pathology narrative should describe the morphologic features of the pigmentation.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0408.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0410.jpg

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