# 真菌（Fungus）

- 器官 / 系统：鼻 / 呼吸系统（nose / respiratory-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0143
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/nose-fungus.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#nose-fungus
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/respiratory-system/nose/Fungus
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
在NTP毒性/致癌性研究的小鼠和大鼠鼻腔中偶尔可见真菌生物体，在大鼠中更为常见。

## 病变描述（中文）
在NTP毒性/致癌性研究的小鼠和大鼠鼻腔中偶尔可见真菌生物体，在大鼠中更为常见。真菌菌丝垫可能出现在鼻腔内（Figure 1、Figure 2、Figure 3、Figure 4），但组织侵袭极为罕见。根据真菌形态（特征性的分生孢子头和菌丝分支模式）及文献报道，这些真菌生物体通常为曲霉属（Aspergillus sp.），其中烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）最为常见。曲霉属（Aspergillus spp.）具有特征性的分生孢子头和菌丝分支模式（Figure 3）。真菌通常伴有化脓性炎症。邻近上皮通常存在增生和化生等改变，相关固有层下方常可见急性至慢性活动性炎症。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
真菌存在时应予以诊断，但不应进行分级。真菌生物体的形态学特征应在描述中予以记录。仅凭组织病理学无法确切鉴定真菌的属/种；但可以表述其形态学特征与某一特定类型的真菌生物体相符。当严重程度需要时，所有相关病变应分别诊断并赋予严重程度分级。在可能的情况下，应在描述中注明相关病变是继发于真菌的存在，还是可能与受试物相关。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Fungal organisms are occasionally seen in the nasal cavities of mice and rats from NTP toxicity/carcinogenicity studies, more commonly in rats. Mats of fungal mycelia may occur within the nasal passages ( Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , and Figure 4 ), but tissue invasion is extremely rare. Based on fungal morphology (characteristic fruiting heads and hyphal branching patterns) and reports in the literature, the fungal organisms are usually an Aspergillus sp., with Aspergillus fumigatus being the most common. Aspergillus spp. have characteristic fruiting heads and hyphal branching patterns ( Figure 3 ). The fungi are typically accompanied by suppurative inflammation. Changes such as hyperplasia and metaplasia are usually present in the adjacent epithelium, and there is often acute to chronic-active inflammation in the associated underlying lamina propria.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Fungus should be diagnosed whenever present but should not be graded. The morphologic features of the fungal organisms should be described in the narrative. The fungal genera/species cannot be definitively identified by histopathology alone; however, it may be stated that the morphologic features are consistent with a particular type of fungal organism. When warranted by severity, all associated lesions should be diagnosed separately and assigned severity grades. Whenever possible, it should be noted in the narrative whether or not the associated lesions are secondary to the presence of the fungus or if they may be related to treatment.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0921.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0922.jpg

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