# 色素（Pigment）

- 器官 / 系统：鼻 / 呼吸系统（nose / respiratory-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0145
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/nose-pigment.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#nose-pigment
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/respiratory-system/nose/Pigment
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
色素最常见于鼻腔被覆上皮及紧邻的固有层（Figure 1、Figure 2），但可发生于鼻腔任何部位，包括犁鼻器（Figure 3、Figure 4）。

## 病变描述（中文）
色素最常见于鼻腔被覆上皮及紧邻的固有层（Figure 1、Figure 2），但可发生于鼻腔任何部位，包括犁鼻器（Figure 3、Figure 4）。色素蓄积可继发于多种病理过程，包括炎症、变性或出血，其化学成分可有所不同。色素常含铁，可通过普鲁士蓝染色法显示（Figure 2、Figure 4）。由于受试物在组织中蓄积，鼻腔内可能见到色素性物质，此种情况下，该物质可引起坏死、炎症、呼吸上皮化生、上皮再生及其他病变。如果该物质仅见于染毒动物而对照组缺如，且该物质的量随染毒浓度增加而增加，则提示该物质为受试物。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
色素一旦出现即应作出诊断并赋予严重程度分级。应通过在诊断中纳入部位修饰词来标明色素的位置（例如，呼吸上皮或嗅上皮、犁鼻器）。由于在组织学切片中，即使使用一系列特殊染色，往往也难以对色素作出明确鉴定，因此诊断为“色素”（而非诊断色素的类型，例如，含铁血黄素或脂褐素）最为恰当。色素的形态学特征应在病理学描述中予以描述。并非所有色素都应作出诊断，因为有些色素在老龄动物中普遍存在，或与其他某种疾病过程相关，而不具有毒理学意义。病理学家应运用其判断力来决定继发性色素沉积是否显著到足以 warrant 单独诊断。当病理学家确信该色素代表受试物的蓄积时，应将其诊断为异物（见 Nose - Foreign Material）。相关链接：Nose - Foreign Material

## 英文原文 · Comment
Pigment is most commonly seen in the epithelium lining the nasal cavity and the subjacent lamina propria ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) but can occur anywhere in the nasal cavity, including the vomeronasal organ ( Figure 3 and Figure 4 ). Pigment accumulation can be secondary to a number of pathologic processes, including inflammation, degeneration, or hemorrhage, and its chemical composition can vary. Pigment often contains iron, which can be demonstrated by the Prussian blue staining method ( Figure 2 and Figure 4 ). Pigmented material may be seen in the nasal cavity due to accumulation of the test agent in the tissues, in which case it may cause necrosis, inflammation, respiratory metaplasia, epithelial regeneration, and other lesions. If the material is seen only in treated animals and is absent from controls, and the amount of material increases with exposure concentration, this suggests that the material is the test agent.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Pigment should be diagnosed whenever present and assigned a severity grade. The location of the pigment should be indicated by including a site modifier in the diagnosis (e.g., respiratory or olfactory epithelium, vomeronasal organ). Since definitive pigment identification is often difficult in histologic sections, even with a battery of special stains, a diagnosis of "pigment" (as opposed to diagnosing the type of pigment, e.g., hemosiderin or lipofuscin) is most appropriate. The morphologic features of the pigment should be described in the pathology narrative. Not all pigments should be diagnosed, as some are ubiquitous in aging animals or related to some other disease process and not toxicologically meaningful. The pathologist should use his or her judgment in deciding whether secondary deposits of pigment are prominent enough to warrant a separate diagnosis. When the pathologist is confident that the pigment represents accumulation of the test article, it should be diagnosed as foreign material (see Nose - Foreign Material ). Related Links: Nose - Foreign Material

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0943.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0942.jpg

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