# 增生（Hyperplasia）

- 器官 / 系统：包皮腺 / 雄性生殖系统（preputial-gland / reproductive-system-male）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0452
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/preputial-gland-hyperplasia.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#preputial-gland-hyperplasia
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/reproductive-system-male/preputial-gland/Hyperplasia
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
腺体增生（glandular hyperplasia）的特征是腺泡（acini）数量和体积增加（Figure 1、Figure 2）。

## 病变描述（中文）
腺体增生（glandular hyperplasia）的特征是腺泡（acini）数量和体积增加（Figure 1、Figure 2）。增大的（肥大的）上皮细胞使腺泡轮廓变形，这些细胞可能含有嗜酸性颗粒状物质（星号，Figure 2）。肥大区域可边缘性地压迫邻近腺体。腺体增生与年龄相关。导管增生（ductular hyperplasia）的特征是导管鳞状上皮增厚，常形成吻合的梁状模式（箭头，Figure 3）。偶见导管增生与腺泡增生见于同一腺体。导管增生在老年啮齿类动物中常见，可能是鳞状细胞癌的前驱病变。腺泡增生被认为是肿瘤前病变（preneoplastic），应与腺瘤相鉴别。在腺泡增生中，腺泡显得比正常更大，并有一定程度的拥挤。包皮腺腺瘤（preputial glandular adenomas）更为局限，并伴有邻近组织的压迫，且腺泡的细胞组织结构可能不规则。同样，导管增生应与鳞状细胞乳头状瘤相鉴别。后者可形成由结缔组织核心支持的乳头，并可能有相互连接的增殖性鳞状上皮索。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
包皮腺的导管增生和腺体增生应记录并分级。如果两者同时发生，两者均应诊断。当两侧腺体均受累时，诊断应限定为双侧（双侧（bilateral）），严重程度分级应基于受累更严重的腺体。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Glandular hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in the number and size of acini ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). The acinar outline is distorted by enlarged (hypertrophic) epithelial cells that may contain eosinophilic granular material (asterisks, Figure 2 ). The hypertrophic area may marginally compress the adjoining glands. Glandular hyperplasia is age related. Ductular hyperplasia is characterized by increased thickness of ductal squamous epithelium that often forms an anastomosing trabecular pattern (arrows, Figure 3 ). Occasionally, ductular and acinar hyperplasias may be seen in the same gland. Ductular hyperplasia is common in aged rodents and may be a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. Acinar hyperplasia is considered preneoplastic and should be differentiated from adenomas. In acinar hyperplasia, the acini appear larger than normal, with some crowding. Preputial glandular adenomas are more circumscribed and are associated with compression of adjacent tissue, and cellular organization with acini may be irregular. Likewise, ductular hyperplasia should be distinguished from squamous cell papillomas. The latter may form papillae supported by connective tissue cores and may have interconnecting cords of proliferative squamous epithelium.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Ductular and glandular hyperplasia of the preputial gland should be recorded and graded. If they occur together, both should be diagnosed. When both glands are involved, the diagnosis should be qualified as bilateral, and the severity grade should be based on the more severely affected gland.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0764.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0766.jpg

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