# 萎缩（Atrophy）

- 器官 / 系统：皮肤 / 皮肤系统（skin / integumentary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0377
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/skin-atrophy.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#skin-atrophy
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/integumentary-system/skin/Atrophy
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
附件萎缩（Adnexal atrophy）的特征是毛囊皮脂腺单位（pilosebaceous units）体积变小、数量减少（Figure 2、Figure 3）。

## 病变描述（中文）
附件萎缩（Adnexal atrophy）的特征是毛囊皮脂腺单位（pilosebaceous units）体积变小、数量减少（Figure 2、Figure 3）。严重病例中，附件可能缺失（Figure 4）。该病变可能伴有真皮内炎症。毛囊萎缩（Follicular atrophy）的特征是毛囊体积变小、数量减少，皮脂腺萎缩（sebaceous gland atrophy）的特征是皮脂腺体积变小、数量减少。附件萎缩或毛囊萎缩可能对应大体观察到的脱毛（alopecia）。脱毛的大体表现可能归因于啃毛或理毛等行为、因摩擦构造不良的饲料器或饮水装置开口所致的机械性剥脱、寄生虫侵染，以及由激素（甲状腺功能减退）和营养失衡引起的全身性疾病。某些受试物可能影响毛周期的特定阶段，从而导致脱毛。例如，许多化疗药物干扰生长期（anagen phase）毛囊的快速有丝分裂活动。已知其他化合物影响休止期（telogen phase）的毛囊，如铊（thallium）、三苯乙醇（triparanol）和香豆素（coumarin）。某些化合物，如苯基缩水甘油醚（phenyl glycidyl ether）和二噁拉嗪（dixyrazine），对生长期和休止期均有影响。受影响于特定阶段的毛囊很可能表现为萎缩。伴有毛囊萎缩或完全缺失的脱毛也可能发生于皮下或真皮肿瘤上方的皮肤。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
如果毛囊和皮脂腺均出现萎缩，应使用术语“Skin, adnexa – Atrophy”。如果毛囊萎缩发生而不累及其他附件结构，应使用术语“Skin, Follicle – Atrophy”。如果皮脂腺萎缩发生而不累及其他附件结构，应使用术语“Skin, Sebaceous gland – Atrophy”。无论何时出现，附件萎缩、毛囊萎缩或皮脂腺萎缩均应作出诊断并赋予严重程度分级。如果这些病变作为肿瘤、慢性炎症或纤维化的继发性病变存在，则无需诊断，但应在病理学叙述中予以描述。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Adnexal atrophy is characterized by smaller and reduced numbers of pilosebaceous units ( Figure 2 and Figure 3 ). In severe cases, the adnexa may be absent ( Figure 4 ). This lesion may be accompanied by inflammation in the dermis. Follicular atrophy is characterized by smaller and reduced numbers hair follicles, and sebaceous gland atrophy is characterized by smaller and reduced numbers of sebaceous glands. Adnexal or follicular atrophy may correspond to the gross observation of alopecia. The gross appearance of alopecia may be attributed to behaviors such as hair chewing or barbering, mechanical denuding due to rubbing against poorly constructed openings for feeders or water devices, parasitic infestations, and systemic diseases from hormonal (hypothyroidism) and nutritional imbalances. Some agents may affect a specific phase of the hair cycle, resulting in alopecia. For example, many chemotherapeutic agents interfere with the rapid mitotic activity of hair follicles in the anagen phase. Other compounds are known to affect hair follicles in the telogen phase, such as thallium, triparanol, and coumarin. Some compounds, such as phenyl glycidyl ether and dixyrazine, have effects on both the anagen and telogen phases. Follicles affected in a particular phase are likely to appear atrophied. Alopecia with atrophy or complete loss of hair follicles may also occur in skin over a subcutaneous or dermal neoplasm.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
If atrophy of both hair follicles and sebaceous glands is present, the term “Skin, adnexa – Atrophy” should be used. If follicular atrophy occurs without involvement of other adnexal structures, the term “Skin, Follicle – Atrophy” should be used. If sebaceous gland atrophy occurs without involvement of other adnexal structures, the term “Skin, Sebaceous gland – Atrophy” should be used. Whenever present, adnexal atrophy, follicular atrophy, or sebaceous gland atrophy should be diagnosed and assigned a severity grade. If these are present as a secondary lesion to neoplasia, chronic inflammation, or fibrosis, it need not be diagnosed but should be described in the pathology narrative.

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