# 毛囊扩张和囊肿（Hair Follicle Dilatationand Cyst）

- 器官 / 系统：皮肤 / 皮肤系统（skin / integumentary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0368
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/skin-hair-follicle-dilatationand-cyst.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#skin-hair-follicle-dilatationand-cyst
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/integumentary-system/skin/HairFollicle-DilatationandCyst
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
毛囊扩张（Figure 1、Figure 2）可能作为治疗相关病变被观察到。扩张的毛囊内常含有少量腔内角蛋白。

## 病变描述（中文）
毛囊扩张（Figure 1、Figure 2）可能作为治疗相关病变被观察到。扩张的毛囊内常含有少量腔内角蛋白。衬覆的毛囊上皮细胞可能变扁平。毛囊扩张倾向于呈多灶性（multifocal）至弥漫性（diffuse）分布，而上皮囊肿最常表现为局灶性（focal）、孤立性病变。上皮囊肿（Figure 3、Figure 4）在大鼠和小鼠中常为自发性所见。曾与上皮囊肿同义使用的术语包括表皮包涵囊肿（epidermal inclusion cyst）、表皮样囊肿（epidermoid cyst）和毛囊囊肿（follicular cyst）。组织学上，上皮囊肿的特征为扁平的鳞状上皮围绕数量不等的浓缩角蛋白核心。推测其起源于受损的毛皮脂腺单位成分，其中产生角蛋白的鳞状上皮细胞被包裹。随着角蛋白积聚形成囊肿，衬覆的上皮细胞发生压迫性萎缩。偶尔囊肿衬覆破裂、角蛋白逸出，导致继发性炎症（Figure 4）。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
当存在毛囊扩张时，应记录并根据大小和数量赋予严重程度分级。“Dilatation”是首选术语，而非“ectasia”。无论何时存在囊肿，均应作出诊断并记录为存在，但不应进行分级。皮肤中的囊肿应诊断为“Skin – Cyst”；无需修饰词。继发于大囊肿或破裂囊肿的所见，如炎症或纤维化，无需诊断，但应在病理学叙述中描述。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Dilatation of hair follicles ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) may be observed as treatment-related lesions. Dilated hair follicles often contain small amounts of intraluminal keratin. The lining follicular epithelial cells may be flattened. Hair follicle dilatation tends to be multifocal to diffuse, whereas epithelial cysts most often occur as focal, solitary lesions. Epithelial cysts ( Figure 3 and Figure 4 ) are often spontaneous findings in rats and mice. Terms that have been used synonymously with epithelial cyst include epidermal inclusion cyst, epidermoid cyst, and follicular cyst. Histologically, epithelial cysts are characterized by a flattened squamous epithelium surrounding a core of variable amounts of inspissated keratin. They are proposed to arise from components of injured pilosebaceous units in which squamous epithelial cells producing keratin are trapped. As keratin accumulates to form the cyst, the lining epithelial cells undergo pressure atrophy. Occasionally, the cyst lining ruptures and keratin escapes, resulting in secondary inflammation ( Figure 4 ).

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
When present, follicular dilatation should be recorded and assigned a severity grade based on the size and number. “Dilatation” is the preferred term, as opposed to “ectasia.” Whenever present, cysts should be diagnosed and documented as present but should not be graded. Cysts in the skin should be diagnosed as “Skin – Cyst”; no modifier is necessary. Findings that are secondary to a large or ruptured cyst, such as inflammation or fibrosis, need not be diagnosed but should be described in the pathology narrative.

## 配图
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- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0485.jpg

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