# 出血（Hemorrhage）

- 器官 / 系统：皮肤 / 皮肤系统（skin / integumentary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0365
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/skin-hemorrhage.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#skin-hemorrhage
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/integumentary-system/skin/Hemorrhage
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
皮肤出血的特征是血管外红细胞聚集（Figure 1）。在毒性和致癌性研究中，大多数自发性皮肤出血是由打斗（动物同笼饲养时）或接触设备粗糙边缘所致的创伤引起的血管损伤所造成。

## 病变描述（中文）
皮肤出血的特征是血管外红细胞聚集（Figure 1）。在毒性和致癌性研究中，大多数自发性皮肤出血是由打斗（动物同笼饲养时）或接触设备粗糙边缘所致的创伤引起的血管损伤所造成。出血也可作为受试物相关皮肤刺激或损伤的组成部分出现，常伴随炎症、坏死和溃疡等其他病变。出血还可能与增生性血管病变相关，如血管扩张（angiectasis）或肿瘤形成。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
当出血与增生性血管病变相关时，不应记录。如果出血与其他病变（如炎症或溃疡）相关，除非出血的严重程度过度或与相关病变的严重程度不相称，否则无需记录。但应在病理学描述中予以描述。无论何时记录，出血均应赋予严重程度分级。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Hemorrhage in the skin is characterized by clusters of extravascular erythrocytes ( Figure 1 ). In toxicity and carcinogenicity studies, most spontaneously occurring hemorrhage in the skin is caused by vascular damage due to trauma secondary to fighting (when animals are housed together) or contact with rough edges of equipment. Hemorrhage also occurs as a component of test-article–related skin irritation or damage, often accompanying other lesions such as inflammation, necrosis, and ulceration. Hemorrhage may also be associated with proliferative vascular lesions, such as angiectasis or neoplasia.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
In cases where hemorrhage is associated with a proliferative vascular lesion, it should not be recorded. If the hemorrhage is associated with another lesion, such as inflammation or ulceration, it need not be recorded unless the severity of the hemorrhage is excessive or is not commensurate with the severity of the associated lesions. However, it should be described in the pathology narrative. Whenever it is recorded, hemorrhage should be assigned a severity grade.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0494.jpg

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