# 穿孔（Perforation）

- 器官 / 系统：前胃 / 消化系统（stomach-forestomach / alimentary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0216
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/stomach-forestomach-perforation.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#stomach-forestomach-perforation
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/alimentary-system/stomach-forestomach/Perforation
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
穿孔（perforation，Figure 1）是胃壁上的一个孔洞。胃内容物可由此进入腹腔，通常会引起显著（marked）炎症反应。

## 病变描述（中文）
穿孔（perforation，Figure 1）是胃壁上的一个孔洞。胃内容物可由此进入腹腔，通常会引起显著（marked）炎症反应。较大的穿孔若持续一段时间，胃与邻近器官或腹壁之间可能发生粘连。穿孔常由灌胃事故引起，或由大的、侵袭性溃疡穿透黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜所致。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
前胃穿孔只要存在就应诊断，但不必给出严重程度分级。继发性病变，如炎症、纤维化或粘连，一般不应单独诊断，除非它们是病变的显著组成部分。若穿孔继发于异物，异物应单独诊断。

## 英文原文 · Comment
A perforation ( Figure 1 ) is a hole in the stomach. The contents of the stomach have access to the peritoneal cavity and generally incite a marked inflammatory response. Adhesions between the stomach and adjacent organs or the abdominal wall may occur with larger perforations that persist for some time. Perforations are often caused by gavage accident or by large, aggressive ulcers that progress through the submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Perforation of the forestomach should be diagnosed whenever present, but it is not necessary to assign a severity grade. Secondary lesions, such as inflammation, fibrosis, or adhesions, should generally not be diagnosed separately unless they are prominent components of the lesion. If a perforation is secondary to a foreign body, the foreign body should be diagnosed separately.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0108.jpg

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