# 炎症（Inflammation）

- 器官 / 系统：腺胃 / 消化系统（stomach-glandular-stomach / alimentary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0275
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/stomach-glandular-stomach-inflammation.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#stomach-glandular-stomach-inflammation
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/alimentary-system/stomach-glandular-stomach/Inflammation
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
炎症（Figure 1、Figure 2、Figure 3、Figure 4）可发生于腺胃，如同在胃肠道其他部位一样。

## 病变描述（中文）
炎症（Figure 1、Figure 2、Figure 3、Figure 4）可发生于腺胃，如同在胃肠道其他部位一样。病变可为自发性（特发性）、与灌胃操作相关，或由直接/间接化学毒性所致。炎症可诊断为急性、化脓性、慢性、慢性活动性或肉芽肿性。在急性炎症中，主要浸润细胞为中性粒细胞，尽管也可能存在较少的巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞。还可能有水肿或充血的证据。中性粒细胞也是化脓性炎症中的主要浸润细胞类型，但中性粒细胞聚集，且其中许多发生变性（化脓性渗出物）。渗出物还可能含有细胞碎片，既来自 resident 细胞群体，也来自浸润的白细胞；含纤维蛋白的蛋白性液体；较少的巨噬细胞；偶见的淋巴细胞或浆细胞；以及可能的感染因子。肉眼上，这些病变将以脓液的存在为特征。在渗出物周围的组织中，可能存在成纤维细胞、纤维结缔组织和混合性炎症细胞，取决于病变的慢性程度。淋巴细胞在慢性炎症中占主导地位。淋巴细胞在慢性活动性炎症中也占主导地位，但也存在显著数量的中性粒细胞。两种病变均可能含有巨噬细胞。肉芽肿性炎症是慢性炎症的另一种形式，但该诊断要求存在显著数量的聚集性、大的、活化的巨噬细胞、上皮样巨噬细胞或多核巨细胞。嗜酸性粒细胞性炎症（Figure 3、Figure 4）不属于NTP通常诊断的五种主要炎症类型之一，但如果炎症细胞主要为嗜酸性粒细胞，则可作出该诊断。只要在叙述中讨论了偏离的理由，病理学家可以偏离5种主要炎症诊断。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
无论何时出现，炎症均应作出诊断，并给出严重程度分级和表明炎症持续时间或类型的修饰词（例如，急性（acute）、化脓性（suppurative）、慢性（chronic）、慢性 active或肉芽肿性（granulomatous））。严重程度分级取决于腺胃受累面积的范围、细胞浸润的密度以及组织改变的程度（例如，水肿、出血、变性、坏死）。与脓肿一致的病变诊断为化脓性炎症。偶尔，病理学家可能发现有必要使用不同于上述五种的修饰词。使用其他修饰词（如“eosinophilic”）的理由应在叙述中说明。糜烂或溃疡区域内的炎症通常不记录，除非炎症是病变的重要组成部分。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Inflammation ( Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 ) can occur in the glandular stomach as in elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Lesions can be spontaneous (idiopathic), related to gavage procedure, or due to direct/indirect chemical toxicity. Inflammation can be diagnosed as acute, suppurative, chronic, chronic active, or granulomatous. In acute inflammation, the predominant infiltrating cell is the neutrophil, though fewer macrophages and lymphocytes may also be present. There may also be evidence of edema or hyperemia. The neutrophil is also the predominant infiltrating cell type in suppurative inflammation , but the neutrophils are aggregated, and many of them are degenerate (suppurative exudate). The exudate may also contain cell debris, both from the resident cell populations and from infiltrating leukocytes; proteinaceous fluid containing fibrin; fewer macrophages; occasional lymphocytes or plasma cells; and, possibly, an infectious agent. Grossly, these lesions would be characterized by the presence of pus. In the tissue surrounding the exudate, there may be fibroblasts, fibrous connective tissue, and mixed inflammatory cells, depending on the chronicity of the lesion. Lymphocytes predominate in chronic inflammation . Lymphocytes also predominate in chronic active inflammation , but there are also a significant number of neutrophils. Both lesions may contain macrophages. Granulomatous inflammation is another form of chronic inflammation, but this diagnosis requires the presence of a significant number of aggregated, large, activated macrophages, epithelioid macrophages, or multinucleated giant cells. Eosinophilic inflammation ( Figure 3 and Figure 4 ) is not one of the five main types of inflammation ordinarily diagnosed by the NTP but may be diagnosed if the inflammatory cells are primarily eosinophils. The pathologist may deviate from the 5 main inflammation diagnoses as long as the reason for the deviation is discussed in the narrative.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Whenever present, inflammation should be diagnosed and given a severity grade and a modifier that indicates the duration or type of inflammation (e.g., acute, suppurative, chronic, chronic active, or granulomatous). The severity grade depends on the extent of area of glandular stomach affected, the density of the cellular infiltrate, and the extent of changes in the tissue (e.g., edema, hemorrhage, degeneration, necrosis). Lesions consistent with an abscess are diagnosed as suppurative inflammation. Occasionally, the pathologist may find it necessary to use different modifiers than the five stated above. The reasons for the use of other modifiers, such as "eosinophilic," should be explained in the narrative. Inflammation in areas of erosion or ulcer is not generally recorded unless the inflammation is a significant component of the lesion.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0139.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0144.jpg

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