# 出血（Hemorrhage）

- 器官 / 系统：胸腺 / 免疫系统（thymus / immune-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0017
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/thymus-hemorrhage.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#thymus-hemorrhage
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/immune-system/thymus/Hemorrhage
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
出血（hemorrhage）的特征是胸腺实质内出现外渗的红细胞（Figure 1，箭头）。

## 病变描述（中文）
出血（hemorrhage）的特征是胸腺实质内出现外渗的红细胞（Figure 1，箭头）。在啮齿类动物的胸腺皮质和/或髓质中可见出血，可能是濒死性改变。在没有坏死或其他病变（如噬红细胞现象（erythrophagocytosis）（Figure 2，箭头）或载色素巨噬细胞）的情况下，胸腺出血可能归因于剖检技术（医源性），并被视为解剖所致的人工假象，而非血管病变的结果。然而，胸腺出血可发生于某些维生素缺乏症，因此饮食应作为考虑因素。出血应与充血（congestion）相鉴别，后者血液局限于由内皮细胞衬覆的界限清晰的血管腔内。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
非归因于剖检技术的胸腺出血应予以诊断并分级。被视为继发于坏死、炎症或肿瘤的出血不应单独诊断，除非其严重程度足以支持单独诊断，但应在病理学描述中予以描述。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Hemorrhage is characterized by the presence of extravasated erythrocytes within the thymic parenchyma ( Figure 1 , arrows). Hemorrhage can be seen in the cortex and/or medulla of the thymus of rodents and may be an agonal change. In the absence of necrosis or other lesions such as erythrophagocytosis ( Figure 2 , arrows) or pigment-laden macrophages, hemorrhage in the thymus may be attributed to necropsy technique (iatrogenic) and considered a dissection-induced artifact and not the result of a vascular lesion. However, thymic hemorrhage can occur with some vitamin deficiencies, so diet should be a consideration. Hemorrhage should be distinguished from congestion, where the blood is contained with well-defined vascular spaces lined by endothelial cells.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Hemorrhage in the thymus that is not attributed to necropsy technique should be diagnosed and graded. Hemorrhage that is considered to be secondary to necrosis, inflammation, or neoplasia should not be diagnosed separately unless warranted by severity, but should be described in the pathology narrative.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0461.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0460.jpg

整理：北京天融慧通科技有限责任公司（LabSmart）｜ https://www.labsmart.cn