# 炎症（Inflammation）

- 器官 / 系统：胸腺 / 免疫系统（thymus / immune-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0024
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/thymus-inflammation.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#thymus-inflammation
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/immune-system/thymus/Inflammation
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
原发性炎症在啮齿类动物的胸腺中是一种不常见的病变。如果存在，更可能是其他组织炎症的延伸，尤其是口腔灌胃过程中食管穿孔继发的炎症。

## 病变描述（中文）
原发性炎症在啮齿类动物的胸腺中是一种不常见的病变。如果存在，更可能是其他组织炎症的延伸，尤其是口腔灌胃过程中食管穿孔继发的炎症。在NTP研究中，炎症的五个标准类别是急性（急性（acute））、化脓性（化脓性（suppurative））、慢性（慢性（chronic））、慢性活动性（慢性 active）和肉芽肿性（肉芽肿性（granulomatous））。在急性炎症中，中性粒细胞是主要的浸润细胞，但也可能存在较少的巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞。还可能有水肿或充血的表现。中性粒细胞也是化脓性炎症中的主要细胞类型，但中性粒细胞聚集，且其中许多发生变性（化脓性渗出物）（Figure 1，箭头）。渗出物中还可能存在细胞碎片（来自 resident 细胞群和浸润的白细胞）、含纤维蛋白的蛋白性液体、较少的巨噬细胞、偶见的淋巴细胞或浆细胞，以及可能的感染因子（Figure 2，箭头）。大体上，这些病变的特征是脓液的存在。在渗出物周围的组织中，可能存在成纤维细胞、纤维结缔组织和混合性炎症细胞，具体取决于病变的慢性程度。淋巴细胞在慢性炎症中占主导地位。淋巴细胞在慢性活动性炎症中也占主导地位，但也存在显著数量的中性粒细胞。慢性和慢性活动性炎症可能含有巨噬细胞。肉芽肿性炎症是慢性炎症的另一种形式，但该诊断要求存在显著数量的聚集性、大型、活化巨噬细胞、上皮样巨噬细胞和/或多核巨细胞。炎症与细胞浸润的鉴别在于其他改变的存在，如水肿、出血、变性、坏死或其他组织损伤的证据。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
胸腺的炎症性病变无论何时出现，都应进行诊断和分级。应根据存在的主要细胞群，通过在诊断中添加适当的修饰词（急性（acute）、慢性（chronic） active等）对炎症进行分类。“脓肿（abscess）”一词仅应作为大体诊断使用；脓肿应诊断为化脓性炎症。相关病变，如坏死或出血，除非因严重程度而有必要，否则不应单独诊断，但应在病理学叙述中描述。如果炎症继发于其他病变，如坏死或肿瘤形成，除非因严重程度而有必要，否则不应单独诊断，但应在叙述中注明。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Primary inflammation is an uncommon lesion in the thymus of rodents. If present, it is more likely an extension of inflammation from other tissues, particularly inflammation secondary to perforation of the esophagus during oral gavage. In NTP studies, the five standard categories of inflammation are acute, suppurative, chronic, chronic active, and granulomatous. In acute inflammation , the neutrophil is the predominant infiltrating cell, though fewer macrophages and lymphocytes may also be present. There may also be evidence of edema or hyperemia. The neutrophil is also the predominant cell type in suppurative inflammation , but the neutrophils are aggregated, and many of them are degenerate (suppurative exudate) ( Figure 1 , arrows). Cell debris, both from the resident cell populations and infiltrating leukocytes; proteinaceous fluid containing fibrin, fewer macrophages, occasional lymphocytes, or plasma cells; and, possibly, an infectious agent ( Figure 2 , arrow) may also be present within the exudate. Grossly, these lesions would be characterized by the presence of pus. In the tissue surrounding the exudate, there may be fibroblasts, fibrous connective tissue, and mixed inflammatory cells, depending on the chronicity of the lesion. Lymphocytes predominate in chronic inflammation . Lymphocytes also predominate in chronic active inflammation , but there are also a significant number of neutrophils. Chronic and chronic active inflammation may contain macrophages. Granulomatous inflammation is another form of chronic inflammation, but this diagnosis requires the presence of a significant number of aggregated, large, activated macrophages, epithelioid macrophages, and/ or multinucleated giant cells. Inflammation is differentiated from cellular infiltrates by the presence of other changes, such as edema, hemorrhage, degeneration, necrosis, or other evidence of tissue damage.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Whenever present, inflammatory lesions of the thymus should be diagnosed and graded. The inflammation should be categorized based on the predominant cell population present by adding the appropriate modifier to the diagnosis (acute, chronic active, etc.). The word "abscess" should be used as a gross diagnosis only; abscesses should be diagnosed as suppurative inflammation. Associated lesions, such as necrosis or hemorrhage, should not be diagnosed separately unless warranted by severity, but should be described in the pathology narrative. If the inflammation is secondary to another lesion, such as necrosis or neoplasia, it should not be diagnosed separately unless warranted by severity, but should be noted in the narrative.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0465.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0468.jpg

整理：北京天融慧通科技有限责任公司（LabSmart）｜ https://www.labsmart.cn