# 色素（Pigment）

- 器官 / 系统：胸腺 / 免疫系统（thymus / immune-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0026
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/thymus-pigment.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#thymus-pigment
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/immune-system/thymus/Pigment
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
胸腺中的色素是一种不常见的发现，其主要特征为巨噬细胞内存在金黄色至深棕色色素。色素可能是含铁血黄素（hemosiderin）（Figure 1、Figure 2）或蜡样质/脂褐素（ceroid/lipofuscin）。

## 病变描述（中文）
胸腺中的色素是一种不常见的发现，其主要特征为巨噬细胞内存在金黄色至深棕色色素。色素可能是含铁血黄素（hemosiderin）（Figure 1、Figure 2）或蜡样质/脂褐素（ceroid/lipofuscin）。含铁血黄素是一种含铁的黄金棕色颗粒状物质，含有该色素的巨噬细胞通常与窦状红细胞增多、充血或出血同时观察到。脂褐素也是一种黄棕色、细颗粒状色素；然而，它主要来源于脂质（如细胞膜）的分解产物。蜡样质是脂褐素的一种变体，具有抗酸性且可自发荧光。用常规苏木精和伊红（H&E）染色无法对这些色素进行确定性鉴别。含铁血黄素可通过铁染色如Perl''s铁染色和普鲁士蓝染色来识别，这两种染色均将色素染成蓝色。蜡样质/脂褐素可通过苏丹黑B、Schmorl''s反应、油红O、石炭酸脂褐素染色、过碘酸-雪夫染色、Ziehl-Neelsen抗酸染色、自发荧光或溶酶体酸性磷酸酶和酯酶染色来识别。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
胸腺中的色素应当被诊断并给予严重程度分级。然而，并非所有色素都必须诊断，因为有些色素在衰老动物中普遍存在或与其他疾病过程相关，不具有毒理学意义。病理学家应运用其判断力来决定色素沉积是否具有毒理学意义或是否足够显著以值得单独诊断。在组织学切片中，确定性色素鉴别通常很困难，即使使用一系列特殊染色也是如此。因此，推荐使用“色素”这一诊断（而非诊断色素类型，例如含铁血黄素或脂褐素）最为恰当。病理学叙述应描述色素沉着的形态学特征。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Pigment in the thymus is an uncommon finding and is primarily characterized by the presence of golden to dark brown pigment within macrophages. Pigment may be hemosiderin ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) or ceroid/lipofuscin. Hemosiderin is an iron-containing golden-brown granular material, and macrophages containing this pigment are typically observed with sinus erythrocytosis, congestion, or hemorrhage. Lipofuscin is also a yellow-brown, finely granular pigment; however, it is derived mainly from the breakdown products of lipids, such as cell membranes. Ceroid is a variant of lipofuscin that is acid-fast and autofluorescent. Definitive differentiation of these pigments with conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is not possible. Hemosiderin can be identified with iron stains such as Perl''s iron and Prussian blue, both of which stain the pigment blue. Ceroid/lipofuscin can be identified with Sudan black B, Schmorl''s reaction, Oil red O, carbol lipofuscin stain, periodic acid-Schiff, Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain, autofluorescence, or lysosomal acid phosphatase and esterase stains.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Pigment in the thymus should be diagnosed and given a severity grade. However, not all pigments have to be diagnosed, as some are ubiquitous in aging animals or related to some other disease process and not toxicologically meaningful. The pathologist should use his or her judgment in deciding whether deposits of pigment are toxicologically significant or prominent enough to warrant a separate diagnosis. Definitive pigment identification is often difficult in histologic sections, even with a battery of special stains. Therefore, it is recommended that a diagnosis of "pigment" (as opposed to diagnosing the type of pigment, e.g., hemosiderin or lipofuscin) is most appropriate. The pathology narrative should describe the morphologic features of the pigmentation.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0476.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0482.jpg

整理：北京天融慧通科技有限责任公司（LabSmart）｜ https://www.labsmart.cn