# 上皮增生（Epithelium Hyperplasia）

- 器官 / 系统：舌 / 消化系统（tongue / alimentary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0289
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/tongue-epithelium-hyperplasia.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#tongue-epithelium-hyperplasia
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/alimentary-system/tongue/Epithelium-Hyperplasia
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
口腔中的鳞状细胞增生（squamous cell hyperplasia）最常见于舌、腭和咽侧壁。

## 病变描述（中文）
口腔中的鳞状细胞增生（squamous cell hyperplasia）最常见于舌、腭和咽侧壁。鳞状细胞增生的特征是细胞数量增多，通常导致鳞状上皮厚度增加。鳞状增生可呈弥漫性（diffuse）或斑块状，或可形成钝的乳头状突起。局灶性（focal）增生可有多个指状突起，每个突起都有自己的固有层（Figure 1、Figure 2）。角化过度（hyperkeratosis）常与鳞状细胞增生同时出现，但通常不出现角化珠形成。大小、细胞分化良好的外观以及缺乏显著的间质成分对于区分增生与乳头状瘤（papilloma）很重要。乳头状瘤通常有一个单一的蒂状附着于舌，该附着可能不在切片平面内。累及鳞状上皮的增生性病变倾向于呈连续谱系，从局灶性增生进展为乳头状瘤再进展为鳞状细胞癌（squamous cell carcinoma）。然而，也有一些研究的例子显示乳头状瘤阶段明显被跳过，进展直接从局灶性增生到鳞状细胞癌。机械性损伤可导致增生上皮的溃疡或糜烂以及炎症。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
鳞状细胞增生应当被诊断，并根据受影响区域的大小和数量以及上皮的厚度进行分级。相关的角化过度、溃疡或炎症不应单独诊断，除非其严重程度足以支持单独诊断。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Squamous cell hyperplasia in the oral cavity is seen most commonly on the tongue, palate, and lateral wall of the pharynx. Squamous cell hyperplasia is characterized by increased cell numbers, which usually results in increased thickness of the squamous epithelium. Squamous hyperplasia may be diffuse or plaque-like or may form blunt papillary projections. Focal hyperplasia can have multiple finger-like projections, each with its own lamina propria ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). Hyperkeratosis is frequently seen with squamous cell hyperplasia, but usually keratin pearl formation is not present. Size, the well-differentiated appearance of cells, and the absence of a prominent stromal component are important in distinguishing hyperplasia from papilloma. Papillomas frequently will have a single stalklike attachment to the tongue, which may not be in the plane of section. Proliferative lesions involving squamous epithelium tend to be on a continuum, progressing from focal hyperplasia to papilloma to squamous cell carcinoma. There are, however, examples of studies in which the papilloma stage was apparently bypassed, and progression was directly from focal hyperplasia to squamous cell carcinoma. Mechanical damage can result in ulceration or erosion of the hyperplastic epithelium and inflammation.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Squamous hyperplasia should be diagnosed and graded based on the size and number of the areas affected and the thickness of the epithelium. Associated hyperkeratosis, ulceration, or inflammation should not be diagnosed separately unless warranted by severity.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0160.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0168.jpg

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