# 角化过度（Hyperkeratosis）

- 器官 / 系统：舌 / 消化系统（tongue / alimentary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0298
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/tongue-hyperkeratosis.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#tongue-hyperkeratosis
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/alimentary-system/tongue/Hyperkeratosis
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
角化过度性病变虽然在前胃中非常常见，但在NTP研究的舌部却罕见。角化过度（角质层增厚）有两种形式：正角化性（Figure 1、Figure 2）或角化不全性角化过度。

## 病变描述（中文）
角化过度性病变虽然在前胃中非常常见，但在NTP研究的舌部却罕见。角化过度（角质层增厚）有两种形式：正角化性（Figure 1、Figure 2）或角化不全性角化过度。在正角化性角化过度（有时称为正角化）中，死亡的角质细胞无核，而在角化不全性角化过度（有时称为角化不全）中，死亡的角质细胞保留固缩的细胞核。角化过度常伴随鳞状上皮增生。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
一般而言，与下方鳞状上皮增生相关的角化过度不单独诊断，而是在病理学描述中作为增生的一个组成部分加以描述。然而，如果角化过度显著，或与增生程度相比不成比例地增加，或在没有上皮增生的情况下发生，则应予以诊断并分级。分级应基于角蛋白的厚度和受累舌表面的范围。病理学家应运用其判断力决定是否应单独诊断角化过度。当进行诊断时，正角化性和角化不全性两种形式均应使用“角化过度（hyperkeratosis）”一词（即，不要使用角化不全（parakeratosis）一词）。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Hyperkeratotic lesions, although very common in the forestomach, are rare on the tongue in NTP studies. Hyperkeratosis (thickening of the stratum corneum) occurs in two forms: orthokeratotic ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis. In orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis (sometimes referred to as orthokeratosis), the dead keratinocytes are anuclear, whereas in parakeratotic hyperkeratosis (sometimes referred to as parakeratosis), the dead keratinocytes have retained pyknotic nuclei. Hyperkeratosis often accompanies squamous epithelial hyperplasia.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
In general, hyperkeratosis associated with hyperplasia of the underlying squamous epithelium is not diagnosed separately but is described in the pathology narrative as a component of the hyperplasia. However, if the hyperkeratosis is prominent or is disproportionately increased compared with the degree of hyperplasia, or if it occurs in the absence of epithelial hyperplasia, then it should be diagnosed and graded. Grading should be based on the thickness of the keratin and the amount of tongue surface affected. The pathologist should use his or her judgment in determining whether or not the hyperkeratosis should be diagnosed separately. When diagnosed, the term "hyperkeratosis" should be used for both the ortho- and parakeratotic forms (i.e., do not use the term parakeratosis).

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0169.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_0174.jpg

整理：北京天融慧通科技有限责任公司（LabSmart）｜ https://www.labsmart.cn