# 炎症（Inflammation）

- 器官 / 系统：膀胱 / 泌尿系统（urinary-bladder / urinary-system）
- NTP 数据编号：ntp-0195
- 规范 URL：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/urinary-bladder-inflammation.html
- 中文图谱总页锚点：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#urinary-bladder-inflammation
- 原始出处：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/urinary-system/urinary-bladder/Inflammation
- 授权：美国联邦政府作品，公有领域；引用请标注 NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas
- 适用说明：仅供科研使用，不用于临床诊断

## 一句话结论
炎症是膀胱最常被诊断的病变之一。根据主要细胞类型或所涉及的细胞反应，炎症可以是急性、化脓性、慢性、慢性活动性或肉芽肿性。

## 病变描述（中文）
炎症是膀胱最常被诊断的病变之一。根据主要细胞类型或所涉及的细胞反应，炎症可以是急性、化脓性、慢性、慢性活动性或肉芽肿性。在急性炎症（急性（acute） inflammation）中，主要浸润细胞是中性粒细胞，尽管也可能存在较少的巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞。还可能有水肿和充血的表现。中性粒细胞也是化脓性炎症（化脓性（suppurative） inflammation）中的主要细胞类型；然而，中性粒细胞聚集，且其中许多发生退变（化脓性渗出物）。淋巴细胞在慢性炎症（慢性（chronic） inflammation）中占主导；淋巴细胞在慢性活动性炎症（慢性活动性（chronic-active） inflammation）中也占主导，但也存在大量中性粒细胞——两种病变均含有巨噬细胞。肉芽肿性炎症（肉芽肿性（granulomatous） inflammation）是慢性炎症的另一种形式，其诊断需要存在大量聚集的、大的活化巨噬细胞、上皮样巨噬细胞或多核巨细胞。炎症细胞可见于膀胱的任何部位，包括管腔、黏膜、黏膜下层和肌层（Figure 1）。根据病变不同，可能明显可见出血、坏死、尿路上皮增生和纤维化（Figure 2）。在大多数情况下，炎症源于细菌感染或结石的存在。炎症也可能是化学物质给药的直接结果。

## 诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识，中文）
炎症应根据细胞反应和膀胱内的位置进行诊断，并应给出严重程度分级。如果出血、坏死、尿路上皮增生和纤维化构成病变的重要组分，则可分别诊断。

## 英文原文 · Comment
Inflammation is one of the most frequently diagnosed lesions of the urinary bladder. Inflammation may be acute, suppurative, chronic, chronic-active, or granulomatous, depending on the predominant cell type or cell response involved. In acute inflammation , the predominant infiltrating cell is the neutrophil, though fewer macrophages and lymphocytes may also be present. There may also be evidence of edema and hyperemia. The neutrophil is also the predominant cell type in suppurative inflammation ; however, the neutrophils are aggregated, and many of them are degenerative (suppurative exudate). Lymphocytes predominate in chronic inflammation ; lymphocytes also predominate in chronic-active inflammation , but there are also a significant number of neutrophils—both lesions contain macrophages. Diagnosis of granulomatous inflammation , another form of chronic inflammation, requires the presence of a significant number of aggregated, large, activated macrophages, epithelioid macrophages, or multinucleated giant cells. Inflammatory cells can be seen anywhere in the bladder, including the lumen, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis ( Figure 1 ). Hemorrhage, necrosis, urothelial hyperplasia, and fibrosis may be evident, depending on the lesion ( Figure 2 ). In most instances, inflammation arises from bacterial infections or the presence of calculi. Inflammation may also be a direct consequence of chemical administration.

## 英文原文 · Recommendation
Inflammation should be diagnosed according to the cell response and the location within the bladder and should be given a severity grade. Hemorrhage, necrosis, urothelial hyperplasia, and fibrosis may be diagnosed separately if they constitute a significant component of the lesion.

## 配图
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_1138.jpg
- https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas-images/ntp_1133.jpg

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