出血Hemorrhage · 肾上腺 · 内分泌系统 · NTP ntp-0069

Comment：
Adrenal gland hemorrhage ( Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , and Figure 4 ) is characterized by the presence of variable amounts of extravasated blood cells in the cortex and/or medulla. Hemorrhage can be focal or diffuse and range in severity from a small focal area to extensive involvement that can distort or even obliterate normal architecture ( Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , and Figure 4 ). Adrenal hemorrhage can be secondary to many spontaneous or treatment-related pathologic processes such as primary vascular disease, systemic coagulopathy, infarction, and septicemia. Many chemicals, as well as very high doses of exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are known to cause adrenal hemorrhage (primarily in the cortex), often in association with necrosis.

Recommendation：
Adrenal hemorrhage should be diagnosed and assigned a severity grade, site modifier (i.e., cortex, medulla), and distribution modifier (i.e., focal, diffuse). If it is present in both the cortex and medulla, the site modifier may be omitted and the location described in the pathology narrative. Hemorrhage secondary to other lesions (e.g., cystic degeneration, inflammation, or necrosis) should not be diagnosed separately, unless warranted by severity, but may be described in the pathology narrative.