坏死Necrosis · 哈氏腺 · 特殊感觉系统 · NTP ntp-0315
诊断要点：如果哈氏腺坏死是原发性改变（尤其是与处理相关时），应当予以诊断并赋予严重程度分级。
病变描述
坏死（necrosis）的特征是细胞肿胀、核固缩（pyknosis）和/或核碎裂（karyorhexis），以及细胞与结构细节的丧失。广泛性组织坏死表现为正常结构被破坏，并由坏死细胞碎片取代（Figure 1、Figure 2）。坏死通常伴有炎症。也可能存在出血或其他组织改变，如矿化。与眼球后出血操作相关的创伤是哈氏腺（Harderian gland）坏死的常见原因。哈氏腺的坏死和变性也可由过度光照引起；作为大鼠涎泪腺炎病毒（sialodacyroadentis virus）感染的早期改变；或由眼球后间隙注射刺激性物质引起。
诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识）
如果哈氏腺坏死是原发性改变（尤其是与处理相关时），应当予以诊断并赋予严重程度分级。如果坏死是其他病变（例如广泛性炎症）的特征之一，则不应单独诊断（除非严重程度确有必要），但应在病理学叙述中加以描述。相关病变，如炎症、出血或矿化，不应单独诊断，除非严重程度确有必要。
图谱
英文原文
展开 NTP 官方英文描述与建议
Comment：
Necrosis is characterized by cell swelling, nuclear pyknosis and/or karyorhexis, and loss of cellular and architectural detail. Extensive tissue necrosis is characterized by effacement of the normal architecture and replacement by necrotic cell debris ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). Necrosis is typically accompanied by inflammation. Hemorrhage or other tissue changes, such as mineralization, may also be present. Trauma associated with retro-bulbar bleeding procedures is a common cause of Harderian gland necrosis. Necrosis and degeneration of the Harderian gland can also result from excessive exposure to light; as an early change in sialodacyroadentis virus infection in rats; or from injection of irritants in the retrobulbar space.
Recommendation：
If Harderian gland necrosis is a primary change (especially if related to treatment), it should be diagnosed and assigned a severity grade. If necrosis is a feature of other lesions (e.g., extensive inflammation), it should not be diagnosed separately (unless warranted by severity), though it should be described in the pathology narrative. Associated lesions, such as inflammation, hemorrhage, or mineralization, should not be diagnosed separately, unless warranted by severity.
来源与引用
原始条目：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/special-senses-system/harderian-gland/Necrosis
图谱总目录：NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas。 内容属美国联邦政府作品（公有领域），可引用；引用时请标注来源。
建议引用格式：NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas. Necrosis (harderian-gland). LabSmart 中文版：
https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/harderian-gland-necrosis.html
中文图谱总页（可展开对照全部 595 条）：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#harderian-gland-necrosis