骨痂Callus · 骨 · 骨骼肌肉系统 · NTP ntp-0581

Comment：
Shortly after fracture and resolution of hemorrhage, fibroblasts adjacent to the fracture site begin to replicate and form loose granulation tissue ( Figure 1 , Figure 2 , and Figure 3 ). Following granulation tissue formation, fibroblasts within the fracture site, as well as along the periosteum, differentiate into chondroblasts to form hyaline cartilage, while those distal to the fracture site develop into osteoblasts to form woven bone. As these populations of tissue form a new mass of connective tissue bridging the fracture site, a callus is formed. Following callus formation, hyaline cartilage and fibrous tissue are replaced by trabecular bone through mineralization of existing collagenous matrix ( Figure 4 ). During a remodeling phase, the callus and lamellar bone deposition is contoured to the original bone structure. Generally, fracture callus is incomplete or disordered in cases of secondary fracture due to neoplasia, ongoing inflammatory or infectious disease, or metabolic bone disease.

Recommendation：
Bone - callus, when observed, should be diagnosed but not graded. When observed in conjunction with a fracture secondary to neoplasia, ongoing inflammation or infection, or metabolic disease, fracture callus should not be diagnosed but should be discussed in the narrative. Associated lesions, such as inflammation or fibrosis, should not be diagnosed separately unless warranted by their severity.