异物Foreign Body · 肺 · 呼吸系统 · NTP ntp-0100
诊断要点：肺－异物（Lung - Foreign body）存在时应作出诊断，但不应进行分级。
病变描述
“异物（foreign body）”一词可涵盖肺内存在多种环境性或异常物质，例如意外吸入的、代表垫料或饲料的植物碎片（Figure 1、Figure 2、Figure 3、Figure 4）、毛发（Figure 5、Figure 6、Figure 7），或与灌胃失误相关的玉米油（corn oil）赋形剂（Figure 8）。如果该异物的形态与受试物一致、该物质仅见于暴露动物，且该物质的量与暴露浓度相关，则应使用“异物（foreign material）”一词，而不是foreign body。毛干呈半透明且多层。玉米油由半透明、淡黄色、双折射的液滴组成。饲料或植物性垫料可通过植物细胞壁的存在加以识别。吸入的物质通常引起局灶性（focal）化脓性、肉芽肿性或脓性肉芽肿性反应，并且通常被聚集的巨噬细胞和/或中性粒细胞所包围。对玉米油的反应可因油中是否存在受试物以及受试物的类型而异。在赋形剂对照动物中，对玉米油的反应可能有限，且主要由油周围的肺泡巨噬细胞组成。异物通常为散发性所见，与暴露浓度无关。肺内大量颗粒物质的蓄积曾被诊断为尘肺（pneumoconiosis），但该术语被认为已过时，一般不再使用。
诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识）
肺－异物（Lung - Foreign body）存在时应作出诊断，但不应进行分级。具体部位（例如肺泡、支气管或细支气管）应作为部位修饰词在诊断中注明。伴随异物的炎症（或组织细胞浸润）不应单独诊断，除非其严重程度足以支持单独诊断。当根据形态、与暴露浓度的相关性以及仅见于暴露动物而认为该物质为受试物时，应使用“异物（foreign material）”一词。
图谱
英文原文
展开 NTP 官方英文描述与建议
Comment：
The term "foreign body" can encompass the presence of a variety of environmental or aberrant material within the lung, such as accidentally inhaled bits of plant material representing bedding or feed ( Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , and Figure 4 ), hair ( Figure 5 , Figure 6 , and Figure 7 ), or corn oil vehicle related to gavage error ( Figure 8 ). If the morphology of the foreign material is consistent with the test agent, the material is seen only in exposed animals, and the amount of material correlates with the exposure concentration, the term "foreign material" should be used rather than foreign body. Hair shafts are translucent and multilayered. Corn oil ( Figure 8 ) consists of translucent, pale yellow, birefringent droplets. Feed or plant-based bedding can be identified by the presence of plant cell walls. The inhaled material typically incites a focal suppurative, granulomatous, or pyogranulomatous reaction and is usually surrounded by accumulations of macrophages and/or neutrophils. The reaction to corn oil can vary depending upon whether test material is present in the oil and type of test material. In a vehicle control animal, the reaction to corn oil may be limited and consist primarily of alveolar macrophages around the oil. Foreign bodies are typically sporadic findings with no correlation to exposure concentration. The accumulation of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lung has been diagnosed as pneumoconiosis, but this term is considered outdated and generally not used.
Recommendation：
Lung - Foreign body should be diagnosed when present but should not be graded. The specific location (e.g., alveolus, bronchus, or bronchiole) should be indicated in the diagnosis as a site modifier. The inflammation (or histiocytic infiltration) that accompanies a foreign body should not be diagnosed separately unless warranted by severity. The term "foreign material" should be used when the material is thought to be the test agent based on morphology, correlation with exposure concentration, and presence only in exposed animals.
来源与引用
原始条目：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/respiratory-system/lung/ForeignBody
图谱总目录：NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas。 内容属美国联邦政府作品（公有领域），可引用；引用时请标注来源。
建议引用格式：NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas. Foreign Body (lung). LabSmart 中文版：
https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/lung-foreign-body.html
中文图谱总页（可展开对照全部 595 条）：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#lung-foreign-body