增生Hyperplasia · 胰岛 · 内分泌系统 · NTP ntp-0092

Comment：
In mice, islets vary greatly in size, ranging from 50 to 300 micrometers in diameter. Since islets in mice are considered to be an expanding population with a doubling time of 500 days, their size would be expected to increase with age. Because of this size variation, it may be difficult to definitively diagnose hyperplasia. When islets are more prominent, they may appear to have increased in number. However, mice are reported to have a relatively constant 1,000 islets per pancreas. Islet cell hyperplasia occurs spontaneously in mice and rats and may be dramatic in mice. It is often age associated and typically involves multiple islets. In rats, islet cell hyperplasia occurs more frequently in males than females. If there several islets greater than 300 micrometers in diameter, a diagnosis of islet cell hyperplasia should be made. Also, if the overall area occupied by the islets in a section of pancreas is greater than that of the controls, a diagnosis of islet cell hyperplasia may be appropriate. Affected islets may be contiguous, giving a lobular appearance ( Figure 3 ) or distinctly separated ( Figure 4 ). The distinction between hyperplasia and adenoma is largely influenced by evidence of compression in adenomas and lack of compression in hyperplasia ( Figure 5 and Figure 6 ). In islet cell adenomas, there may be some cellular atypia or pleomorphism, which is not typically seen in hyperplastic lesions. Occasional acinar cells may become trapped within coalescing hyperplastic islets ( Figure 7 , Figure 8 , and Figure 9 ) and should not be confused with invasion of an islet cell carcinoma.

Recommendation：
Islet cell hyperplasia should be documented when present and given a severity grade. Severity grading is determined by both size and number of affected islets. If there is evidence of treatment-related effect and/or the presence of islet adenomas in a given study, the pathology narrative should provide the diagnostic features used to distinguish between hyperplasia and adenoma (e.g., lack of compression, atypia, or necrosis in hyperplasia) and address the magnitude of any treatment-related response.