炎症Inflammation · 唾液腺 · 消化系统 · NTP ntp-0241

Comment：
In NTP studies, there are five standard categories of inflammation: acute ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ), suppurative ( Figure 3 and Figure 4 ), chronic, chronic active, and granulomatous ( Figure 5 and Figure 6 ). In acute inflammation , the predominant infiltrating cell is the neutrophil, though fewer macrophages and lymphocytes may also be present. There may also be evidence of edema or hyperemia. The neutrophil is also the predominant infiltrating cell type in suppurative inflammation , but the neutrophils are aggregated, and many of them are degenerate (suppurative exudate). The exudate may contain cell debris, both from the resident cell populations and from infiltrating leukocytes; proteinaceous fluid containing fibrin; fewer macrophages; occasional lymphocytes or plasma cells; and, possibly, an infectious agent. Grossly, these lesions would be characterized by the presence of pus. The tissue surrounding the exudate may contain fibroblasts, fibrous connective tissue, and mixed inflammatory cells, depending on the chronicity of the lesion. Lymphocytes predominate in chronic inflammation . Lymphocytes also predominate in chronic active inflammation , but there are also a significant number of neutrophils. Both lesions may contain macrophages. Granulomatous inflammation is another form of chronic inflammation, but this diagnosis requires the presence of a significant number of aggregated, large, activated macrophages, epithelioid macrophages, or multinucleated giant cells. Chronic inflammation can be seen in rats infected with sialodacryoadenitis corona virus, chronic infections with Klebsiella aerogenes , and immune-mediated sialoadenitis in mice. Sialodacryoadenitis virus (a corona virus) is the most important infectious agent affecting the salivary glands of rats (mice are not susceptible) because of its potential to compromise the interpretation of toxicologic studies. The virus, which mainly affects the submandibular and parotid salivary glands, causes gross enlargement of the glands, necrosis of both acinar and ductular epithelium, and marked inflammation. The sublingual salivary glands are not generally affected. In the acute phase, a neutrophilic infiltrate is associated with the necrosis, but later the infiltrates consist predominantly of mononuclear cells (chronic inflammation).

Recommendation：
Whenever present, inflammation should be diagnosed and given a severity grade. A modifier indicating the duration or type of inflammation (i.e., acute, suppurative, chronic, chronic active, or granulomatous) should be included in the diagnosis. The severity grade depends on the extent of area of salivary gland affected and the density of the cellular infiltrate. Lesions consistent with an abscess are diagnosed as suppurative inflammation. Associated lesions, such as fibrosis, necrosis, edema, and hemorrhage, should not be diagnosed separately unless warranted by severity.