充血Congestion · 脾脏 · 免疫系统 · NTP ntp-0029
诊断要点：每当认为脾充血与受试物相关或与肉眼可见的病变相关时，应对其作出诊断并赋予严重程度分级。
病变描述
脾充血（splenic congestion）的特征是红髓（red pulp）内血窦（sinuses）被红细胞（erythrocytes）过度扩张（Figure 1、Figure 2，箭头）。脾充血常见，尽管其原因并不总是显而易见。影响大鼠和小鼠脾血窦内血液量的医源性因素（iatrogenic factors）包括死亡方式、安乐死方法以及剖检程序。脾充血的其他原因包括心血管疾病、大鼠的单核细胞白血病（mononuclear cell leukemia）以及继发于治疗的的红细胞损伤。脾充血应与血管扩张（angiectasis）、出血（hemorrhage）、血管瘤（hemangioma）和血管肉瘤（hemangiosarcoma）相鉴别。脾内扩张的血管可发生充血，但“脾充血”通常是一种更弥漫性的病变，累及红髓血窦。充血有时难以与脾出血相区分；然而，充血通常不伴有血肿（hematomas）或肿瘤（neoplasia）（见 Spleen - Hemorrhage）。脾血管瘤和血管肉瘤是起源于脾血管内皮（splenic vascular endothelium）的肿瘤。脾血管瘤和血管肉瘤中可发生肿瘤性血管通道（neoplastic vascular channels）的充血；然而，“Spleen - Congestion”这一诊断应保留用于红髓血窦的充血。
诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识）
每当认为脾充血与受试物相关或与肉眼可见的病变相关时，应对其作出诊断并赋予严重程度分级。相关链接：Spleen - Hemorrhage
图谱
英文原文
展开 NTP 官方英文描述与建议
Comment：
Congestion of the spleen is characterized by excessive distension of sinuses within the red pulp by erythrocytes ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 , arrows). Splenic congestion is common, although a cause is not always apparent. Iatrogenic factors affecting the amount of blood within the splenic sinuses in rats and mice include the manner of death, the method of euthanasia, and necropsy procedures. Other causes of splenic congestion include cardiovascular disease, mononuclear cell leukemia in rats, and erythrocyte damage secondary to treatment. Congestion of the spleen should be distinguished from angiectasis, hemorrhage, hemangioma, and hemangiosarcoma. Angiectatic blood vessels in the spleen can be congested, but "splenic congestion" is typically a more generalized lesion involving the red pulp sinuses. Congestion can be difficult to differentiate from hemorrhage in the spleen; however, it is not typically associated with hematomas or neoplasia (see Spleen - Hemorrhage ). Splenic hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas are neoplasms derived from the splenic vascular endothelium. Congestion of neoplastic vascular channels may occur with splenic hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas; however, the diagnosis "Spleen - Congestion" should be reserved for congestion of the red pulp sinuses.
Recommendation：
Whenever congestion in the spleen is believed to be associated with treatment or with a gross lesion, it should be diagnosed and assigned a severity grade. Related Links: Spleen - Hemorrhage
来源与引用
原始条目：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/immune-system/spleen/Congestion
图谱总目录：NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas。 内容属美国联邦政府作品（公有领域），可引用；引用时请标注来源。
建议引用格式：NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas. Congestion (spleen). LabSmart 中文版：
https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/spleen-congestion.html
中文图谱总页（可展开对照全部 595 条）：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#spleen-congestion