神经萎缩Nerve Atrophy · 鼻 · 呼吸系统 · NTP ntp-0144
诊断要点：嗅神经萎缩只要存在，就应诊断为“鼻，神经 - 萎缩”。应根据受累嗅神经的大小和数量进行分级。
病变描述
固有层（lamina propria）中的嗅神经（olfactory nerves）是来自嗅神经元（olfactory neurons）的轴突束，这些神经元的胞体位于嗅上皮（olfactory epithelium）中。这些神经无髓鞘，穿过筛骨（ethmoid bone）的孔洞，终止于嗅球（olfactory bulbs）。该病变的特征是嗅神经体积缩小、数量减少，严重病例中则完全消失（Figure 3）。嗅神经萎缩（Figure 1、Figure 2、Figure 3；与 Figure 4 中的正常对照比较）继发于嗅上皮中嗅神经细胞的丢失或脑嗅球的损伤。它最常见是嗅上皮中嗅神经元丢失的结果，因此该病变几乎总是伴随嗅上皮的改变，如萎缩或呼吸上皮化生（respiratory metaplasia）。由于这些病变通常是鼻腔内更大范围病变谱的一部分，因此也常同时存在炎症和呼吸上皮的改变。
诊断与分级建议（NTP 共识）
嗅神经萎缩只要存在，就应诊断为“鼻，神经 - 萎缩”。应根据受累嗅神经的大小和数量进行分级。其他病变，包括嗅上皮萎缩或呼吸上皮化生，应单独诊断。观察到该病变应促使对脑嗅叶进行仔细检查。相关链接：鼻 - 嗅上皮 - 萎缩
图谱
英文原文
展开 NTP 官方英文描述与建议
Comment：
The olfactory nerves in the lamina propria are bundles of axons from the olfactory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the olfactory epithelium. These nerves are unmyelinated and traverse openings in the ethmoid bone and terminate at the olfactory bulbs. The lesion is characterized by decreased size and number, or complete loss in severe cases ( Figure 3 ), of the olfactory nerves. Atrophy of the olfactory nerves ( Figure 1 , Figure 2 , and Figure 3 ; compare with normal control in Figure 4 ) is secondary to loss of olfactory nerve cells from the olfactory epithelium or to damage to the olfactory bulb of the brain. It is most commonly the result of loss of olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium, so the lesion almost always accompanies changes in the olfactory epithelium, such as atrophy or respiratory metaplasia. Since these lesions are usually part of a larger spectrum of lesions in the nasal cavity, inflammation and changes to the respiratory epithelium are often present as well.
Recommendation：
Olfactory nerve atrophy should be diagnosed as "Nose, Nerve - Atrophy" whenever present. It should be graded based on the size and number of affected olfactory nerves. Other lesions, including olfactory epithelial atrophy or respiratory metaplasia, should be diagnosed separately. Observation of this lesion should prompt close examination of the olfactory lobe of the brain. Related Links: Nose - Olfactory Epithelium - Atrophy
来源与引用
原始条目：https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/atlas/nnl/respiratory-system/nose/Nerve-Atrophy
图谱总目录：NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas。 内容属美国联邦政府作品（公有领域），可引用；引用时请标注来源。
建议引用格式：NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas. Nerve Atrophy (nose). LabSmart 中文版：
https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp/nose-nerve-atrophy.html
中文图谱总页（可展开对照全部 595 条）：https://www.labsmart.cn/ntp-atlas.html#nose-nerve-atrophy